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In the third study, a single oral dose of sildenafil citrate 100 mg or matching placebo was administered in a 3-period crossover design to 20 generally healthy males with BPH. The mean subject age in this study was 66.4 years. Two were discontinued after study period 1: one failed to meet pre-dose screening qualifications and the other experienced symptomatic hypotension as a moderately severe adverse event 30 minutes after dosing with open-label sildenafil citrate 50 mg. Of the twenty subjects who were ultimately assigned to treatment, a total of 13 subjects successfully completed dose period 1, and seven had successfully completed the previous doxazosin study (using sildenafil citrate 50 mg). For the 20 subjects who received sildenafil citrate 100 mg and matching placebo, the placebo-subtracted mean maximum decreases from baseline (95% CI) in systolic blood pressure were as follows: The mean profiles of the change from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure in subjects treated with doxazosin in combination with 100 mg sildenafil citrate or matching placebo are shown in Figure 4. Figure 4: Mean Standing Systolic Blood Pressure Change from Baseline Blood pressure was measured after administration of sildenafil citrate at the same times as those specified for the previous doxazosin studies.

There were no episodes of syncope reported in this study. Effect of Sildenafil citrate on Blood Pressure When Co-administered with Anti-hypertensives: When sildenafil citrate 100 mg oral was co-administered with amlodipine, 5 mg or 10 mg oral, to hypertensive patients, the mean additional reduction on supine blood pressure was 8 mmHg systolic and 7 mmHg diastolic. Effect of Sildenafil citrate on Blood Pressure When Co-administered with Alcohol: Sildenafil citrate (50 mg) did not potentiate the hypotensive effect of alcohol (0.5 g/kg) in healthy volunteers with mean maximum blood alcohol levels of 0.08%. The maximum recommended dose of 100 mg sildenafil was not evaluated in this study [ see Drug Interactions (7.5)]. Effects of Sildenafil citrate on Cardiac Parameters: Single oral doses of sildenafil up to 100 mg produced no clinically relevant changes in the ECGs of normal male volunteers. Studies have produced relevant data on the effects of sildenafil citrate on cardiac output. A total dose of 40 mg sildenafil was administered by four intravenous infusions. The results from this pilot study are shown in Table 3; the mean resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased by 7% and 10% compared to baseline in these patients. Even though this total dosage produced plasma sildenafil concentrations which were approximately 2 to 5 times higher than the mean maximum plasma concentrations following a single oral dose of 100 mg in healthy male volunteers, the hemodynamic response to exercise was preserved in these patients. In a double-blind study, 144 patients with erectile dysfunction and chronic stable angina limited by exercise, not receiving chronic oral nitrates, were randomized to a single dose of placebo or sildenafil citrate 100 mg 1 hour prior to exercise testing. These results demonstrated that the effect of sildenafil citrate on the primary endpoint was statistically non-inferior to placebo. Effects of Sildenafil citrate on Vision: At single oral doses of 100 mg and 200 mg, transient dose-related impairment of color discrimination was detected using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test, with peak effects near the time of peak plasma levels.

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An evaluation of visual function at doses up to twice the maximum recommended dose revealed no effects of sildenafil citrate on visual acuity, intraocular pressure, or pupillometry. Effects of Sildenafil citrate on Sperm: There was no effect on sperm motility or morphology after single 100 mg oral doses of sildenafil citrate in healthy volunteers.

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In the third study, a single oral dose of sildenafil citrate 100 mg or matching placebo was administered in a 3-period crossover design to 20 generally healthy males with BPH. The mean subject age in this study was 66.4 years. Two were discontinued after study period 1: one failed to meet pre-dose screening qualifications and the other experienced symptomatic hypotension as a moderately severe adverse event 30 minutes after dosing with open-label sildenafil citrate 50 mg. Of the twenty subjects who were ultimately assigned to treatment, a total of 13 subjects successfully completed dose period 1, and seven had successfully completed the previous doxazosin study (using sildenafil citrate 50 mg). For the 20 subjects who received sildenafil citrate 100 mg and matching placebo, the placebo-subtracted mean maximum decreases from baseline (95% CI) in systolic blood pressure were as follows: The mean profiles of the change from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure in subjects treated with doxazosin in combination with 100 mg sildenafil citrate or matching placebo are shown in Figure 4.

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Figure 4: Mean Standing Systolic Blood Pressure Change from Baseline Blood pressure was measured after administration of sildenafil citrate at the same times as those specified for the previous doxazosin studies. There were no episodes of syncope reported in this study. Effect of Sildenafil citrate on Blood Pressure When Co-administered with Anti-hypertensives: When sildenafil citrate 100 mg oral was co-administered with amlodipine, 5 mg or 10 mg oral, to hypertensive patients, the mean additional reduction on supine blood pressure was 8 mmHg systolic and 7 mmHg diastolic. Effect of Sildenafil citrate on Blood Pressure When Co-administered with Alcohol: Sildenafil citrate (50 mg) did not potentiate the hypotensive effect of alcohol (0.5 g/kg) in healthy volunteers with mean maximum blood alcohol levels of 0.08%. The maximum recommended dose of 100 mg sildenafil was not evaluated in this study [ see Drug Interactions (7.5)].

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Effects of Sildenafil citrate on Cardiac Parameters: Single oral doses of sildenafil up to 100 mg produced no clinically relevant changes in the ECGs of normal male volunteers. Studies have produced relevant data on the effects of sildenafil citrate on cardiac output. A total dose of 40 mg sildenafil was administered by four intravenous infusions. The results from this pilot study are shown in Table 3; the mean resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased by 7% and 10% compared to baseline in these patients. Even though this total dosage produced plasma sildenafil concentrations which were approximately 2 to 5 times higher than the mean maximum plasma concentrations following a single oral dose of 100 mg in healthy male volunteers, the hemodynamic response to exercise was preserved in these patients. Sildenafil citrate is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with a mean absolute bioavailability of 41% (range 25 to 63%). Both sildenafil and the metabolite have terminal half lives of about 4 hours.

Mean sildenafil plasma concentrations measured after the administration of a single oral dose of 100 vigora spray mg to healthy male volunteers is depicted below: Figure 5: Mean Sildenafil Plasma Concentrations in Healthy Male Volunteers.

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Geriatrics: Healthy elderly volunteers (65 years or over) had a reduced clearance of sildenafil, resulting in approximately 84% and 107% higher plasma AUC values of sildenafil and its active N-desmethyl metabolite, respectively, compared to those seen in healthy younger volunteers (18 to 45 years). Due to age-differences in plasma protein binding, the corresponding increase in the AUC of free (unbound) sildenafil and its active N-desmethyl metabolite were 45% and 57%, respectively [ see Dosage and Administration (2.5), and Use in Specific Populations (8.5)] Renal Impairment: In volunteers with mild (CLcr=50 to 80 mL/min) and moderate (CLcr=30 to 49 mL/min) renal impairment, the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of sildenafil citrate (50 mg) were not altered. In volunteers with severe (CLcr <30 mL/min) renal impairment, sildenafil clearance was reduced, resulting in approximately doubling of AUC and C max compared to age-matched volunteers with no renal impairment [ see Dosage and Administration (2.5), and Use in Specific Populations (8.6)]. In addition, N-desmethyl metabolite AUC and C max values significantly increased by 200% and 79%, respectively in subjects with severe renal impairment compared to subjects with normal renal function. Hepatic Impairment: In volunteers with hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A and B), sildenafil clearance was reduced, resulting in increases in AUC (85%) and C max (47%) compared to age-matched volunteers with no hepatic impairment.

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The pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in patients with severely impaired hepatic function (Child-Pugh Class C) have not been studied [ see Dosage and Administration (2.5), and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)]. Therefore, age >65, hepatic impairment and severe renal impairment are associated with increased plasma levels of sildenafil. A starting oral dose of 25 mg should be considered in those patients [ see Dosage and Administration (2.5)]. Effects of Other Drugs on Sildenafil citrate Sildenafil metabolism is principally mediated by CYP3A4 (major route) and CYP2C9 (minor route). Cimetidine (800 mg), a nonspecific CYP inhibitor, caused a 56% increase in plasma sildenafil concentrations when co-administered with sildenafil citrate (50 mg) to healthy volunteers.

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When a single 100 mg dose of sildenafil citrate was administered with erythromycin, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, at steady state (500 mg bid for 5 days), there was a 160% increase in sildenafil C max and a 182% increase in sildenafil AUC. Population pharmacokinetic data from patients in clinical trials also indicated a reduction in sildenafil clearance when it was co-administered with CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as ketoconazole, erythromycin, or cimetidine) [ see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Drug Interactions (7.4)]. In another study in healthy male volunteers, co-administration with the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir, which is a highly potent P450 inhibitor, at steady state (500 mg bid) with sildenafil citrate (100 mg single dose) resulted in a 300% (4-fold) increase in sildenafil C max and a 1000% (11-fold) increase in sildenafil plasma AUC. Sildenafil citrate had no effect on ritonavir pharmacokinetics [ see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Drug Interactions (7.4)]. Although the interaction between other protease inhibitors and sildenafil has not been studied, their concomitant use is expected to increase sildenafil levels. Absorption and Distribution: Sildenafil citrate is rapidly absorbed.

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Protein binding is independent of total drug concentrations.

Based upon measurements of sildenafil in semen of healthy volunteers 90 minutes after dosing, less than 0.001% of the administered dose may appear in the semen of patients. Metabolism and Excretion: Sildenafil is cleared predominantly by the CYP3A4 (major route) and CYP2C9 (minor route) hepatic microsomal isoenzymes. Plasma concentrations of this metabolite are approximately 40% of those seen for sildenafil, so that the metabolite accounts for about 20% of sildenafil’s pharmacologic effects. After either oral or intravenous administration, sildenafil is excreted as metabolites predominantly in the feces (approximately 80% of administered oral dose) and to a lesser extent in the urine (approximately 13% of the administered oral dose). Similar values for pharmacokinetic parameters were seen in normal volunteers and in the patient population, using a population pharmacokinetic approach. Geriatrics: Healthy elderly volunteers (65 years or over) had a reduced clearance of sildenafil, resulting in approximately 84% and 107% higher plasma AUC values of sildenafil and its active N-desmethyl metabolite, respectively, compared to those seen in healthy younger volunteers (18 to 45 years). Due to age-differences in plasma protein binding, the corresponding increase in the AUC of free (unbound) sildenafil and its active N-desmethyl metabolite were 45% and 57%, respectively [ see Dosage and Administration (2.5), and Use in Specific Populations (8.5)] Renal Impairment: In volunteers with mild (CLcr=50 to 80 mL/min) and moderate (CLcr=30 to 49 mL/min) renal impairment, the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of sildenafil citrate (50 mg) were not altered. In volunteers with severe (CLcr <30 mL/min) renal impairment, sildenafil clearance was reduced, resulting in approximately doubling of AUC and C max compared to age-matched volunteers with no renal impairment [ see Dosage and Administration (2.5), and Use in Specific Populations (8.6)]. In addition, N-desmethyl metabolite AUC and C max values significantly increased by 200% and 79%, respectively in subjects with severe renal impairment compared to subjects with normal renal function. Hepatic Impairment: In volunteers with hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A and B), sildenafil clearance was reduced, resulting in increases in AUC (85%) and C max (47%) compared to age-matched volunteers with no hepatic impairment. The pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in patients with severely impaired hepatic function (Child-Pugh Class C) have not been studied [ see Dosage and Administration (2.5), and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)]. Therefore, age >65, hepatic impairment and severe renal impairment are associated with increased plasma levels of sildenafil.

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In a study of healthy male volunteers, co-administration of sildenafil at steady state (80 mg t.i.d.) with endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan (a moderate inducer of CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and possibly of CYP2C19) at steady state (125 mg b.i.d.) resulted in a 63% decrease of sildenafil AUC and a 55% decrease in sildenafil C max. Concomitant administration of strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as rifampin, is expected to cause greater decreases in plasma levels of sildenafil. Single doses of antacid (magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide) did not affect the bioavailability of sildenafil citrate. In healthy male volunteers, there was no evidence of a clinically significant effect of azithromycin (500 mg daily for 3 days) on the systemic exposure of sildenafil or its major circulating metabolite. Pharmacokinetic data from patients in clinical trials showed no effect on sildenafil pharmacokinetics of CYP2C9 inhibitors (such as tolbutamide, warfarin), CYP2D6 inhibitors (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants), thiazide and related diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers.

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These effects on the metabolite are not expected to be of clinical consequence. Effects of Sildenafil citrate on Other Drugs Sildenafil is a weak inhibitor of the CYP isoforms 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4 (IC50 >150 µM).

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A starting oral dose of 25 mg should be considered in those patients [ see Dosage and Administration (2.5)]. Effects of Other Drugs on Sildenafil citrate Sildenafil metabolism is principally mediated by CYP3A4 (major route) and CYP2C9 (minor route). Cimetidine (800 mg), a nonspecific CYP inhibitor, caused a 56% increase in plasma sildenafil concentrations when co-administered with sildenafil citrate (50 mg) to healthy volunteers. When a single 100 mg dose of sildenafil citrate was administered with erythromycin, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, at steady state (500 mg bid for 5 days), there was a 160% increase in sildenafil C max and a 182% increase in sildenafil AUC. Population pharmacokinetic data from patients in clinical trials also indicated a reduction in sildenafil clearance when it was co-administered with CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as ketoconazole, erythromycin, or cimetidine) [ see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Drug Interactions (7.4)]. In another study in healthy male volunteers, co-administration with the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir, which is a highly potent P450 inhibitor, at steady state (500 mg bid) with sildenafil citrate (100 mg single dose) resulted in a 300% (4-fold) increase in sildenafil C max and a 1000% (11-fold) increase in sildenafil plasma AUC. Sildenafil citrate had no effect on ritonavir pharmacokinetics [ see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and Drug Interactions (7.4)]. Although the interaction between other protease inhibitors and sildenafil has not been studied, their concomitant use is expected to increase sildenafil levels.

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In a double-blind study, 144 patients with erectile dysfunction and chronic stable angina limited by exercise, not receiving chronic oral nitrates, were randomized to a single dose of placebo or sildenafil citrate 100 mg 1 hour prior to exercise testing. These results demonstrated that the effect of sildenafil citrate on the primary endpoint was statistically non-inferior to placebo. Effects of Sildenafil citrate on Vision: At single oral doses of 100 mg and 200 mg, transient dose-related impairment of color discrimination was detected using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test, with peak effects near the time of peak plasma levels. An evaluation of visual function at doses up to twice the maximum recommended dose revealed no effects of sildenafil citrate on visual acuity, intraocular pressure, or pupillometry. Effects of Sildenafil citrate on Sperm: There was no effect on sperm motility or morphology after single 100 mg oral doses of sildenafil citrate in healthy volunteers.

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Sildenafil citrate is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with a mean absolute bioavailability of 41% (range 25 to 63%). Both sildenafil and the metabolite have terminal half lives of about 4 hours. Mean sildenafil plasma concentrations measured after the administration of a single oral dose of 100 vigora spray mg to healthy male volunteers is depicted below: Figure 5: Mean Sildenafil Plasma Concentrations in Healthy Male Volunteers. Absorption and Distribution: Sildenafil citrate is rapidly absorbed. Protein binding is independent of total drug concentrations.

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Based upon measurements of sildenafil in semen of healthy volunteers 90 minutes after dosing, less than 0.001% of the administered dose may appear in the semen of patients. Metabolism and Excretion: Sildenafil is cleared predominantly by the CYP3A4 (major route) and CYP2C9 (minor route) hepatic microsomal isoenzymes. Plasma concentrations of this metabolite are approximately 40% of those seen for sildenafil, so that the metabolite accounts for about 20% of sildenafil’s pharmacologic effects. After either oral or intravenous administration, sildenafil is excreted as metabolites predominantly in the feces (approximately 80% of administered oral dose) and to a lesser extent in the urine (approximately 13% of the administered oral dose). Similar values for pharmacokinetic parameters were seen in normal volunteers and in the patient population, using a population pharmacokinetic approach. In a study of healthy male volunteers, co-administration of sildenafil at steady state (80 mg t.i.d.) with endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan (a moderate inducer of CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and possibly of CYP2C19) at steady state (125 mg b.i.d.) resulted in a 63% decrease of sildenafil AUC and a 55% decrease in sildenafil C max. Concomitant administration of strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as rifampin, is expected to cause greater decreases in plasma levels of sildenafil. Single doses of antacid (magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide) did not affect the bioavailability of sildenafil citrate. In healthy male volunteers, there was no evidence of a clinically significant effect of azithromycin (500 mg daily for 3 days) on the systemic exposure of sildenafil or its major circulating metabolite. Pharmacokinetic data from patients in clinical trials showed no effect on sildenafil pharmacokinetics of CYP2C9 inhibitors (such as tolbutamide, warfarin), CYP2D6 inhibitors (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants), thiazide and related diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. These effects on the metabolite are not expected to be of clinical consequence. Effects of Sildenafil citrate on Other Drugs Sildenafil is a weak inhibitor of the CYP isoforms 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4 (IC50 >150 µM).